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• Thus, importantly, the Romans did not differentiate between truly Jewish believers, and Jewish converts to Christianity (i.e. those who believed Jesus was the Messiah), and converts to Christianity from the Gentiles, the nations surrounding Israel. To the Romans, both Jews and Christians alike were the enemy, to be destroyed, and their Holy Writings burned. Caligula, Nero and Domitian are well known in history for their persecution of Christians. Vespasian, Titus and Hadrian are well known in history for their persecution of Jews.